Propyl gallate

Propyl gallate is a synthetic antioxidant derived from gallic acid, used to prevent oxidative rancidity in fats, oils, and fat-containing foods. It is frequently combined with BHA (E320) and BHT (E321) in a synergistic antioxidant system found in fried snacks, baked goods, chewing gum base, and processed meat products. Its antioxidant activity is particularly effective in stabilising animal fats.

JECFA's ADI for propyl gallate is 1.4 mg per kilogram body weight per day, established in 1995. Typical dietary exposures are well below this figure. Some animal studies at high doses have suggested weak endocrine activity, and propyl gallate was shown to have oestrogenic properties in certain laboratory assays. Regulatory bodies do not consider this a significant risk at food additive concentrations, but the data are the basis for classification as "limit" rather than "safe."

Propyl gallate is approved in the EU, US (GRAS), UK, Australia, and most global markets. It is most often encountered in heavily processed or deep-fried products. Consumers wishing to reduce exposure to synthetic antioxidants can look for it listed as E310 or "propyl gallate" on ingredient labels and choose products using natural alternatives such as rosemary extract or mixed tocopherols.